Military vs Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Military versus Business Strategy - Assignment Example The adversary won't penance respect or pride effectively, regardless of whether now and again unreasonable. On the off chance that an outlet is left, at that point acknowledgment of the desperate circumstance can be made and the adversary will decide to give up. (Cantrell, 16) In the event that the adversary decides not to give up, the staggering bit of leeway that one side has by methods for military bit of leeway would before long close off the one residual outlet. On the off chance that the enemy is â€Å"desperate†, the objective is to empower give up without taking part in further superfluous slaughter. Giles further expounded on what Tzu implied by this extract when he expressed that the item is to cause the adversary to understand that there is in any event one street to security. This forestalls â€Å"his battling with the fearlessness of despair†. He next includes: â€Å"After that, you may squash him.† (Giles 72). We can see a closeness is respects business procedure. Pioneers of organizations have regularly contended energetically to get to the market position that they as of now hold. They normally feel that their organization, item or administration is the best, and ordinarily have an exceptional aversion of contenders for clear reasons. On the off chance that an organization feels excessively compromised without pause, they may participate in unreasonable practices by consuming immense measures of alarm assets to by one way or another beat the chances to beat the rival in one specific â€Å"battle†. Nonetheless, if the organization with the advantage doesn't press pointlessly hard because of the conditions, the burdened contender may come to reason that they have to ease off of the current arrangement and refocus with another arrangement. This spares assets for all sides, since the result of the specific vital business fight is inescapable by then, notwithstanding some remote and unanticipated event. Organizations should remember that a fight is not quite the same as a war. Organizations will be at war for the length of their business activities by and large, and to seek after a success of

Summary hardware, software findings Research Paper

Synopsis equipment, programming discoveries - Research Paper Example This is an extraordinary data framework that is secured uniquely in contrast to the remainder of the product. This data framework, be that as it may, isn't completely claimed by the Intel Corp organization. This is on the grounds that it is recruited from the cloud specialist co-op (Blundell, 2008). Another significant component of the engineering of equipment and programming of Intel Corp is that it has embraced the most recent innovations in their framework. There is the utilization of distributed computing in their system. This innovation assists with conquering the difficulties of having servers and entire applications on the neighborhood site. This framework and course of action are found in the manner the organization works the CRM programming. The CRM programming is gotten to from the cloud specialist organization. This implies the organization doesn't claim the product framework in full (Hamlet, 2010). Another significant perspective that can be found in the product is that of utilizing one seller to acquire the product. Most PCs are introduced with Windows Operating frameworks and Windows based programming applications, similar to office suites and utility projects. The equipment parts that are found in the organization are believed to receive customer server engineering in the vast majority of the structures that have been dissected and introduced up until this point. The majority of the PC equipment is organized so that the machines rely upon one another to get to the significant server parts of the equipment. One lack that I find with the product is that they are from one merchant. As expressed before, the vast majority of the applications are for Windows. In the event that there will be a need to have a redesign so that there different applications from different sellers, this could be a repetitive and troublesome assignment. This is on the grounds that there is no course of action that has been done to guarantee that the future establishments of various applications are very much dealt with. Another lack is that of effective

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay

Recording, breaking down and utilizing HR data GFM needs to gather and record information for lawful and inside reasons. Legitimately we have to guarantee that we are conforming to the â€Å"Working Time Regulations and pay rates for the Minimum Wage Act 1998 and assessment and national protection obligations†, we likewise should be objection with the information assurance and opportunity of data act. We have to guarantee that representatives know why we are holding this data and how we secure it. Inside we utilize the data to send reports to chiefs on nonattendance, execution, pay, leavers and joiners, enlistment and wellbeing and security. We additionally utilize this data to assist us with imparting any important data in regards to themselves or organization arrangements to people. The accompanying information is gathered from a worker either before their initiation of business or the day that they start with us: CV/Application structure New representative structure, on this structure it requests individual data for example name, dob, contact numbers, address, conjugal status, national protection number, closest relative subtleties, bank subtleties (sort code, account number and bank address) P45 or P46 Wellbeing and security polls Equivalent open doors information Legitimate UK visa or full birth authentication Marked agreement The explanation the above data is gathered is to help the HR work in the accompanying manners: Legal/Compliance †with WTR, MWA, DPA and FOI Correspondence †To stay in contact with representatives, address for composed correspondence, telephone numbers for verbal correspondence and closest relative subtleties if there should be an occurrence of crisis. We have to illuminate representatives regarding any agreement changes and arrangement and strategy changes Finance †to guarantee that we have the right subtleties on record so we can pay staff for the hours that they have worked in accordance with the Minimum Wage Act 1998 and duty and national protection commitments Data catch †to create precise giving an account of nonappearance, enrollment, equivalent chances and wellbeing and security, discoveries are introduced to line supervisors for compelling managementâ of their groups This data we hold is put away on our safe HR electronic framework and physically in a bolted file organizer. Holding this data electronically implies that the data identifying with any representative or previous worker can be gotten to faster and the administration of worker archives is simpler. Another advantage of this is exactness, simple to scan for things contained inside somewhere in the range of ones record and less possibility of somebody else’s subtleties being put away in another work force document. It additionally requires less physical extra room, so on the off chance that you are an organization with restricted extra room, at that point this is an extremely compelling arrangement. An advantage to having physically bolted file organizers would be that it is more affordable to set up , if the PC frameworks were to bomb you would at present approach all representative records and data, there would likewise be less danger of adulterated documents as well as loss of information should the electronic framework fizzle. Consistently any work force or information catch data identifying with a representative or association must be agreeable with the Data Protection and Freedom of Information Act. The Data Protection Act â€Å"gives people the option to recognize what data is held about them, and gives a system to guarantee that individual data is held correctly.† To HR this implies data must be held safely, ensured and that lone important data identifying with that worker is hung on their record. The Freedom of Information Act is the solicitation for open records identifying with something explicit. In HR on the off chance that we were approached to discharge data, explicitly identified with our head check or equity data we would be obliged to make this data accessible to people in general.

The Importance of Dissertation Writing

The Importance of Dissertation Writing What Everybody Dislikes About Dissertation Writing and Why From anywhere on the planet, talented dissertation writers can be working on your thesis as you sleep, as you go out with pals, or as you relax in a movie theatre for a while to yourself. Anyone may require some dissertation help from time to time. That means you should spare some time for a comprehensive revision and proofreading, as it might take quite a bit of time if you're aiming for good grades. Do not be worried about missing out on any learning opportunity since you will have sufficient time to experience the dissertation, so you may study it for your final presentation. The Basic Facts of Dissertation Writing A Qualitative Dissertation Outline basically tells you just how many chapters you need to write, and what keywords you're working on. Furthermore, the content of your customized dissertation will incorporate a list of citations, correctly formatted. 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Testing For Efficiency Of Foreign Exchange Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3537 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A capital market is said to be efficient if prices in the market fully reflect available information. When this condition is satisfied, market participants cannot earn economic profits (i.e. unusual, or risk adjusted profits) on the basis of available information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testing For Efficiency Of Foreign Exchange Markets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This classic definition, which was developed formally by Fama (1970), applies to the foreign exchange market as well as to other asset markets. As stated, the definition is too general to be tested empirically. The term fully reflect implies the existence of an equilibrium model, which might be stated either in terms of equilibrium prices or equilibrium expected returns. In an efficient market, we would expect to have actual prices conform to their equilibrium values, and actual returns conform to their equilibrium expected values. Foreign Market Efficiency The exchange rate between domestic and foreign currency is a major economic policy variable. Therefore, the efficiency or otherwise of a foreign exchange market is very important for policy makers of any country. An efficient foreign exchange market indicates that a government cannot influence the movement of exchange rates as the exchange rates are not predictable. The government can make informed decisions on exchange rates, take actions to reduce exchange rate volatility and evaluate the consequences of various economic policies for exchange rates. Participants in the foreign exchange market can devise various trading rules or techniques to make abnormal profits from transactions in the foreign exchange market. However, they should consider the costs involved in such activities to determine their profitability. Future researchers can corroborate the results of this study by employing other econometric techniques such as asymmetric and nonlinear models and high-frequency data. About a generation ago the Efficient Market Hypothesis was widely accepted by the financial economists to be the prevalent norm. It was the general belief that securities markets were extremely efficient in the sense that they were able to absorb information very quickly which was reflected immediately. This meant that investors cannot benefit either from the technical analysis. Previous studies have suggested an increase in correlation among the worlds FX markets as many developing countries have introduced capital account convertibility. The idea that the expected risk-adjusted excess return on foreign exchange is zero implies a sensible statement of the efficient markets hypothesis in the foreign exchange context: Exchange rates reflect information to the point where the potential excess returns do not exceed the transactions costs of acting (trading) on that information. In other words, you cant profit in asset markets (like the foreign exchange market) by trading on publicl y available information. This description of the efficient markets hypothesis appears to be a restatement of the first principle of technical analysis: Market action (price and transactions volume) discounts all information about the assets value. There is, however, a subtle but important distinction between the efficient markets hypothesis and technical analysis: The efficient markets hypothesis posits that the current exchange rate adjusts to all information to prevent traders from reaping excess returns, while technical analysis holds that current and past price movements contain just the information needed to allow profitable trading. What does this version of the efficient markets hypothesis imply for technical analysis? Under the efficient markets hypothesis, only current interest rates and risk factors help predict exchange rate changes, so past exchange rates are of no help in forecasting excess foreign exchange returns-i.e., if the hypothesis holds, technical analysis will not work. How do prices move in the hypothetical efficient market? In an efficient market, profit seekers trade in a way that causes prices to move instantly in response to new information, because any information that makes an asset appear likely to become more valuable in the future causes an immediate price rise today. If prices do move instantly in response to all new information, past information, like prices, does not help anyone make money. If there were a way to make money with little risk from past prices, speculators would employ it until they bid away the money to be made. For example, if the price of an asset rose 10 percent every Wednesday, speculators would buy strongly on Tuesday, driving prices past the point where anyone would think they could rise much further, and so a fall would be likely. This situation could not lead to a predictable pattern of rises on Tuesday, though, because speculators would buy on Monday. Any pattern in prices would be quickly bid away by market participants seeking profits. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that markets often do work this way. Moorthy (1995) finds that foreign exchange rates react very quickly and efficiently to news of changes in U.S. employment figures, for example. Because the efficient markets hypothesis is frequently misinterpreted, it is important to clarify what the idea does not mean. It does not mean that asset prices are unrelated to economic fundamentals. Asset prices may be based on fundamentals like the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar or German mark. Similarly, the hypothesis does not mean that an asset price fluctuates randomly around its intrinsic (fundamental) value. If this were the case, a trader could make money by buying the asset when the price was relatively low and selling it when it was relatively high. Rather, efficient markets means that at any point in time, asset prices represent the markets best guess, based on all currently available information, as to the fundamental value of the asset. Future price changes, adjusted for risk, will be close to unpredictable. Believers in efficient markets point out those completely random price changes-like those generated by flipping a coin-will produce price series that seem to have trends. Under efficient markets, however, traders cannot exploit those trends to make money, since the trends occur by chance and are as likely to reverse as to continue at any point. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) identified a major theoretical problem with the hypothesis termed the paradox of efficient markets, which they developed in the context of equity markets. As applied to the foreign exchange market, the argument starts by noting that exchange rate returns are determined by fundamentals like national price levels, interest rates, and public debt levels, and that information about these variables is costly for traders to gather and analyze. The traders must be able to make some excess returns by trading on this analysis, or they will not do it. But if markets were perfectly efficient, the traders would not be able to make excess returns on any available information. Therefore, markets cannot be perfectly efficient in the sense of exchange rates always being exactly where fundamentals suggest they should be. Of course, one resolution to this paradox is to recognize that market analysts can recover the costs of some fundamental research by profiting from having marginally better information than the rest of the market on where the exchange rate should be. In this case, the exchange rate remains close enough to its fundamental value to prevent less informed people from profiting from the difference. Partly for these reasons, Campbell, Lo, and MacKinlay(1997) suggest that the debate about perfect efficiency is pointless and that it is more sensible to evaluate the degree of inefficiency than to test for absolute efficiency. Need For Conducting This Study- The miserable empirical performance of standard exchange rate models is another reason to suspect the failure of the efficient markets hypothesis. In an important paper, Meese and Rogoff (1983) persuasively showed that no existing exchange rate model could forecast exchange rate changes better than a no-change guess at forecast horizons of up to one year. This was true even when the exchange rate models were given true values of future fundamentals like output and money. Although Mark (1995) and others have demonstrated some forecasting ability for these models at forecasting horizons greater than three years, no one has been able to convincingly overturn the Meese and Rogoff (1983) result despite 14 years of research. The efficient markets hypothesis is frequently misinterpreted as implying that exchange rate changes should be unpredictable; that is, exchange rates should follow a random walk. This is incorrect. There is, however, convincing evidence that interest rates are not go od forecasters of exchange rate changes. According to Frankel (1996), this failure of exchange rate forecasting leaves two possibilities: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Fundamentals are not observed well enough to allow forecasting of exchange rates. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Exchange rates are detached from fundamentals by (possibly irrational) swings in expectations about future values of the exchange rate. These fluctuations in exchange rates are known as bubbles. Which of these possibilities is more likely? One clue is given by the relationship between exchange rates and fundamentals when expectations about the value of the exchange rate are very stable, as they are under a fixed exchange rate regime. A fixed exchange rate regime is a situation in which a government is committed to maintaining the value of its currency by manipulating monetary policy and trading foreign exchange reserves. Fixed exchange rate regimes are contrasted to floating regimes, in which the government has no such obligation. For example, most countries in the European Union had a type of fixed exchange rate regime, known as a target zone, from 1979 through the early 1990s. Fixed exchange rates anchor investor sentiment about the future value of a currency because of the governments commitment to stabilize its value. If fundamentals, like goods prices, or expectations based on fundamentals, rather than irrationally changing expectations, drive the exchange rate, the relationship between fundamentals and exchange rates should be the same under a fixed exchange rate regime as it is under a floating regime. This is not the case. Countries that move from floating exchange rates to fixed exchange rates experience a dramatic change in the relationship between prices and exchange rates. Specifically, real exchange rates (exchange rates adjusted for inflation in both countries) are much more volatile under floating exchange rate regimes, where expectations are not tied down by promises of government intervention. The above figure illustrates a very typical case: When Germany and the United States ceased to fix their currencies in March 1973, the variability in the real $/DM exchange rate increased dramatically. This result suggests that, contrary to the efficient markets hypothesis, swings in investor expectations may detach exchange rates from fundamental values in the short run. LITERATURE REVIEW- 1 Almeida, Alvaro, Charles Goodhart Richard Payne (1998), The Effects of Macroeconomic News on High Frequency Exchange Rate Behaviour, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 33, no. 3 (September), pp. 383-408; revised version of LSE Financial Markets Group Discussion Paper, no. 258(February 1997) This paper studies the high frequency reaction of the DEM/USD exchange rate to publicly announced macroeconomic information emanating from Germany and the U.S. The news content of each announcement is extracted using a set of market expectation figures supplied by MMS International. By using data sampled at a high (5 minute) frequency we are able to identify systematic impacts of most announcements on the exchange rate change in the 15 minutes post-announcement. The impacts of news on the exchange rate, however, can be seen to lose significance very quickly when the observation horizon for the exchange rate is increased, so that for most announcements there is little effect of news on the exchange rate change by the end of the three hours immediately after release. Both the responses to U.S. and German news are broadly consistent with a monetary authority reaction function hypothesis, i.e., the market expects the Fed or the Bundesbank to respond to news on increased real activity, for example, by raising short term interest rates in order to head off the possibility of future inflation. Further, the use of German data allows us to examine two questions the previous literature could not tackle, because, unlike U.S. announcements, German announcements are not scheduled. First, we show that the time-pattern of the reaction of the exchange rate to the U.S. scheduled announcements is different from the reaction to the German non-scheduled announcements, the former being much quicker. Second, we are able to examine the effect on the exchange rate change of the proximity of other events to the announcement. Results show that German news is most influential when released just prior to a Bundesbank council meeting. Finally, subsidiary results demonstrate the efficiency of the intra-day FX market with respect to these announcements and map the pattern of volatility these releases cause. 2 Andersen, Arrogant Torben Tim Bollerslev (1997b), Heterogeneous Information Arrivals and Return Volatility Dynamics: Uncovering the Long-Run in High Frequency Returns, Journal of Finance, vol. 52, no. 3 (July), pp. 975-1005; revised version of NBER Working Paper, no. 5752 (September 1996)- Recent empirical evidence suggests that the long-run dependence in financial market volatility is best characterized by a slowly mean-reverting fractionally integrated process. At the same time, much shorter-lived volatility dependencies are typically observed with high-frequency intradaily returns. This paper draws on the information arrival, or mixture-of-distributions hypothesis interpretation of the latent volatility process in rationalizing this behaviour. By interpreting the overall volatility as the manifestation of numerous heterogeneous information arrivals, sudden bursts of volatility typically will have both short-run and long-run components. Over intradaily frequencies, the short-run decay stands out most clearly, while the impact of the highly persistent processes will be dominant over longer horizons. These ideas are confirmed by the empirical analysis of a one-year time series of intradaily five-minute Deutschemark- U.S. Dollar returns. Whereas traditional time serie s based measures for the temporal dependencies in the absolute returns give rise to very conflicting results across different intradaily sampling frequencies, the corresponding semi parametric estimates for the order of fractional integration remain remarkably stable. Similarly, the autocorrelogram for the low-pass filtered absolute returns, obtained by annihilating periods in excess of one day, exhibit a striking hyperbolic rate of decay. 3 Baestaens, Dirk-Emma, Willem Max van den Bergh H. Vaudrey (1995), The Marginal Contribution of News to the DEM/USD Swap Rate, Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Frequency Data in Finance, 29-31 March, Olsen Associates, Zà ¼rich, vol. 3- This paper attempts to estimate the return on the DM/USD money market swap rate by both a linear regression and nonlinear neural network model. Since all variables strongly exhibited an hour of the (statistical) week effect both within- and out-of-sample, variables have been adjusted to remove this effect. The residual return pattern then is mainly driven by strongly negative autocorrelated lagged returns as well as by the impact effect of Reuters Money Market Headline news flashes. This effect has been measured by pairing standardised news sentences to successive return patterns in the train set and applying this information to predict the residual return out-of-sample. Some news flashes systematically generate positive (negative) residual returns. The set of 51,000 standardised news sentences established during the first six months accounted for most news flashes occurring during the second half of the dataset. News flashes therefore display a sufficiently systematic pattern to b e useful for prediction. The neural network model outperforms the regression model on the basis of the standard mean squared error again highlighting the fact that nonlinear modelling appears to be the most promising avenue to deal with this high-frequency dataset. TARGET AREA AND DATA SOURCE- A major European economy (with Germany under consideration- if data is taken in the pre-Euro period or U.K.- if data is taken in the post-Euro period). The reason for choosing an European Economy is the relative stability with respect to their foreign exchange markets as in comparison to the U.S or Latin American Economies. Data Source and Frequency- Yet to be determined based on availability and suitability of data. METHODOLOGY:- This study is aimed at testing the weak and semi-strong form efficiency of the forex market in the target economy. Weak-form efficiency is examined using unit-root tests while semi-strong form efficiency is tested using co-integration and Granger causality tests and finally using variance versions in the form decomposition analysis while testing for technical efficiency The traditional testing efficiency equations are reviewed and a model is developed that incorporates Bayesian revisions in the form of devaluation expectations. A number of propositions regarding the pattern of the coefficients in efficiency testing equations are established. The results are confirmed by empirical estimation of the model for the forex market. Another mode of estimation is investigation of the relative market efficiency in financial market data, using the approximate entropy method(ApEn) method for a qualification of randomness in time series. For that we can use data for multiple time periods of two nations to the test the relative market efficiencies during crisis periods. A major bone of contention is to model the return series while testing for efficiency base on the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Based on the returns data we can conduct either a macro-econometric study (when we take the countrys trade balance as returns data) or a micro level one when we conduct a study on a particular firm engaged in the forex business. This will be determined at later stages depending on the availability as well as suitability of data. Efficient Market Hypothesis Testing In this note we re-examine the foreign exchange market efficiency hypothesis, which is a hotly debated topic in the area of international finance. It is basically the theory of informationally efficient markets applied to the foreign exchange arena. The present literature is far from conclusive and inconsistencies abound. With the genesis of the concept of nonstationarity and cointegration came a new approach to testing market efficiency. A multitude of procedures are available, but the standard methodology has been to examine the forward market unbiasedness hypothesis, which tests whether forward rates are unbiased and efficient estimators of the future spot rate. Acceptance of this hypothesis implies that the spot and forward foreign exchange rates have a tendency to move together over time, i.e., they are cointegrated in the Engle-Granger (EG 1987) sense. The estimated model is St+k = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²-ft,k+ µt+k -1 Where, st+k is the natural log of the future spot exchange rate k periods ahead, ft,k is the natural log of the k period ahead forward foreign exchange rate. If st+k and ft,k are I(1), i.e., nonstationary and integrated of order 1, then the necessary (weak form) and sufficient (strong form) condition for unbiasedness/market efficiency is the existence of a vector (a, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²) such that the residual series  µt+k is stationary and (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² ) = (0,1). Stationarity of the residuals from the estimation of equation (1) would indicate that the spot and forward rates are cointegrated. This is what we refer to as weak form efficiency. In addition to this, if the parameter restriction of (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²)= (0,1) holds, then the forward rate can be called an unbiased and efficient predictor of the future spot rate, and we refer to this condition as strong form efficiency. EG propose a two-stage process in which we first estimate equation (1) by ordinary least squares (OLS) and then exam ine the stationarity of the residual vector  µt+k. The problem is that the nonstationarity of the variables under consideration precludes an examination of the parameter restriction (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²) = (0,1). Phillips-Hansen (PH 1990) propose a fully modified (FM-OLS) method which corrects for both the long run endogeneity in the data and the asymptotic bias in the coefficient estimates, i.e., it can test for the parameter restrictions without imposing them. The weakness of this procedure is the assumption of no cointegration in the residual vector, a process which has low power against stable autoregressive alternatives with near unit roots. This is due to the fact that classical tests of unit roots in the residuals of the cointegrating regression (two variables will be cointegrated only if the residuals of the cointegrating regression are stationary) have a tendency to accept the null hypothesis of unit roots in the residual series (no cointegration) unless there is strong evidence against it. Thus, even if the root is close to unity (but not exactly equal to one), classical tests will still indicate the presence of unit roots in the residual series. CONCLUSION- Technical analysis is the most widely used trading strategy in the foreign exchange market. Traders stake large positions on their interpretations of patterns in the data. Economists have traditionally rejected the claims of Rational Expectations based on technical analysts because of the appealing logic of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. More recently, however, the discovery of profitable technical trading rules and other evidence against efficient markets have led to a rethinking about the importance of institutional features that might justify extrapolative technical analysis such as private information, sequential trading, and central bank intervention, as well as the role of risk. The weight of the evidence now suggests that excess returns have been available to technical foreign exchange traders over long periods. Risk is hard to define and measure, however, and this difficulty has obscured the degree of inefficiency in the foreign exchange market. There is no guarantee, of course, that technical rules will continue to generate excess returns in the future; the excess returns may be bid away by market participants. Indeed, this may already be occurring. Continued research on high-frequency transactions data or experimental work on expectations formation may provide a better understanding of market behaviour. The Study will answer the question of whether the efficient market hypothesis is effectively applicable to the foreign exchange market.

Women s Equality For Women - 1407 Words

For many years, women have aimed for gaining equality with men. They’re opportunities were taken away because of the fact that they were women. Overtime feminism has expanded and diversified in many different aspects including approach and priorities. The changes in them are result of many different social economic groups of women because of the various goals set for methods of creating change, which are implemented within the movement. The feminist movement has been trying to give equal rights to women who have been destitute of their equality and privileges that man have never given them. Feminism is beneficial to men, women, and their families because it is allowing everyone to have an equal opportunity in life to achieve all they can without any discrimination based on their sex. Feminism is the movement that promotes equality for men and women in political, economic and social issues. Feminists believe that women are oppressed due to their sex based on the dominant ideology of patriarchy. Going against social norms of patriarchy will result in liberation for women, men, minorities, and gays. There are many different types of Feminism, which includes Liberal, Radical, and Social Feminism. Liberal feminism is reformist who believes in the viability of the present system, which includes education and employment. These types of feminists believe that oppression exists because of the way in which men and women are socialized, which supports patriarchy and keeps men in powerShow MoreRelatedWomen s Equality And Equality1204 Words   |  5 PagesToday Women in America can scarcely imagine not having the right to vote or choose a career or attend a university. Young women in college take these opportunities and rights for granted, but it hasn’t been that lon g ago in human history that women found themselves in a very patriarchal, male dominated world. The rise of feminism in the United States has gradually brought about women’s equality in just the past century and for that we women are very grateful. But are there exceptions to full equalityRead MoreWomen s Equality And Justice For Women1871 Words   |  8 Pagesrights for women (Quirk, 2015). Since the end of the 19th century Canadian women have been fighting to redefine their place within society, demanding equality and justice for all women. The Women’s Movement has achieved a formal degree of equality in regards to political, economical and legal means. The Women’s Movement has allowed many of what we today feel as a right come into light and result in what we currently take for granted. January 28 1916 was truly an promising day for Manitoba women, ratherRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Equality1326 Words   |  6 Pagesmany decades women have been f ighting for gender equality, both at home and in work place. Women have to suffering in unequal treatment in their life and struggling to be equal to men. Gender equality is really important in our society. People born equally but the society continues to push the tender roles. The gender discrimination becomes more and more common in our life but this needs to stop. People should respected each other with no matter what gender they are and gender equality is a more andRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. 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Tons of research has been conducted trying to find out why women get paid less than men in the workforce. The Equal Pay Act was created in 1963 that aimed to abolish wage disparity between genders. However, it can be seen that women are still paid less. Women are paid less than men because of the careers that they choose and their family responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Struggle Of Women s Equality1692 Words   |  7 Pages‘Still a way to go for women to achieve equality’ Summary Women have had significant changes in their lives from the past to present in terms of employment as they are more and more being moved away from the household, being able to work like regular men today. Proportion of women in the total workforce is increasing and consequently they compete successfully for higher income jobs such as chief executives. They even have been moving into jobs that in the past were only allocated to men. While theseRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of equality inquires that all genders have the same rights and opportunities. According to law women are able to work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society. The 1st amendment reassures all Americans these freedoms. It does not assure that women can work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society without concern of being socially accepted. We deserve the same rights men have had since the beginning of time. In the past, the public has written the role women should bear;Read MoreWomen s Fight For Equality991 Words   |  4 Pagesfor equality has been fought for over a century. They have out lasted the longest of wars. The fight for equality seems like an epic battle out of a movie, as it is so drawn out. The history behind the feminist movement is rich in context. For most people when they think of the feminist movement they think of United States or Europe. But this movement is not just contained in those countries, it was a global movement that has spread like falling dominos. The Inter-American Commission of Women wasRead MoreThe Women s Movement For Equality1221 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the course of history, women and young girls have been viewed as the weaker sex. Females did not, and at times still do not, receive the same level of respect or opportunities as men. Leading up to the 1960’s, women’s primary physical activities were cheerleading and dancing, while the men’s were more geared towards foot ball and basketball. The women’s movement for equality was in the late 1960’s, during which women finally began to have their voices heard by others. As a result of the

Frees William Gibsons Neuromancer Neuroma Essay Example For Students

Frees William Gibsons Neuromancer Neuroma Essay ncer EssaysNeuromancer Neuromancer revolutionized the way people look at technology. Many people were scared of cyberspace. They felt it would change the way the world was run. Some even thought that meals would begin to be served in pill form, and the world be ruled by darn dirty primates. Throughout Neuromancer we see a very vivid dystopia. We see our first sign of the dystopia in chapter one. It begins with Case, whose name fits him very appropriately. He treats his body as an object. He uses it just to log onto cyberspace. Case has been injected with a poison that keeps him from surfing through cyberspace. This has created a dystopia within Case. He used to make his living through cyberspace. He now injects himself with drugs in an attempt to try and find a cure. Another way we see the dystopia through Case is the room he lives in. They are called coffins, which is a very appropriate name. These rooms are extremely small. Another sign of dystopia is when Case goes to Japan in h opes of finding a cure on Japans black market. They have a big supplier of organs there. This demonstrates the struggle in Japan. In Cases time there is such a high demand for organs that they will sell them illegally over the black market. The black market most of the time represents the scum of society. There crime runs rampant. People will get killed for their organs, just so someone can make a few extra dollars. The next sign of this book being a dystopia is Ratz. He is supposed to represent the experiments that society is playing on the people. His body is composed of mostly artificial goods. Gibson named him Ratz too, because he represents the lab rat of the book. He is supposed to represent what society will do to you if you give in to it. He has no control over what he has become, just like the little lab rat. Another sign of dystopia is the way the computers have changed everything. The computers run peoples lives in Neuromancer. It seems no matter where Case goes there is always someone watching him. Wintermute has the phones ring one time when Case walks by. This demonstrates the power that the Ais have in Neuromancer. The artificial intelligence is another example of the dystopia in Neuromancer. When an AI is running thing in the world, there are problems. When the Tessier-Ashpool family created these beings in a hope to better have control over the world. The plan backfired on them and they went insane. Neuromancer and Wintermute begin to battle over cyberspace. This created turmoil within the society. Throughout Neuromancer we see many signs of a dystopia. The society is flipped upside down. Gibson struck fear in many eyes because of this book. He made people view cyberspace from a totally different perspective. Through the vivid dystopia that his mind created he changed the minds of a lot of Americans.

Elizabethan Views Of Richard Iii Essays - Shakespearean Histories

Elizabethan Views Of Richard Iii Douglas Starliper 4/18/00 LT. Kullman My Essay on Whether What Richard III did was Right, or Wrong King Richard III, in my opinion, was a greedy, yet determined man who would do whatever it took to achieve the position of king of England. What he did to get to this position was wrong, however, how he went about achieving what he wanted shows that he had intelligence. Having to kill a family member to get to where he wanted to be, did not even stop him. I believe that him doing this was very dishonorable. Even the book, Shakespeare and the Renaissance Code of Honor says ?dishonor is worse than death.? In this same book I found a piece of information saying ?If the renaissance aristocracy loved and pursued honor intensely, and with it's whole being. It follows logically that dishonor was the one thing in life which could not be tolerated.? Another quote from the same book on honor says ?Since honor was so highly esteemed not only to one's own life, but also the lives of those close and dear to oneself, might be sacrificed in order to maintain one's reputation?, which is almost exact ly what Richard did. As stated above, in my opinion, I think that what Richard III did to achieve his position was wrong, but he does have a massive amount of intelligence to be able to pull off his master plan. His goal is to become the King of England, and he would go to any means necessary to get this. Although what he did proved to be morally in correct, the also proved to be intelligent ideas. For example, he sees a path he can take that will lead him right to the thrown, but his brother, Clarence, is next in line to inherit it. What Richard does to prevent this from happening is he has his own brother murdered. That, in my views, is one of the most dishonorable things he does in the play. Yet he executes this plan very wisely. The reason behind this being that he hired two hit-men to do it for him, and the authorities have no way of pinning this crime on Richard. From one internet site Richard in the Mirror of the Centuries, it says, ?Shakespeare's characterization of Richard III has been accepted as a historical portrait ? a portrait of the most wicked of English kings. The question is, whether this is not rather exaggerated After reading further in this document, I find that it blatantly says ?From the very first beginning, in the opening soliloquy, Richard tells the spectators about his own wickedness and he really does prove a villain! He verifies the impression we get in the first scene throughout the drama by acting and thinking the way he does. Always doing what he was ?promised? before, he appears to be an unscrupulous person ? a night-mare king.? Which supports my opinion which says what he does is wrong. There is also another type of honor that I see broken in this play, and that's honor to your family. If he honored his family, he would let things take the course they are supposed to take, and let his brother Clarence take over as King. I found a quote in the book Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept of Honor, by a man by the name of Castiglione, and the quote s ays ?for it is a great deal less dispraise for him that is not born a gentleman to fail in the acts of virtue, than for a gentleman. If he swerve from the steps of his ancestors, he has straineth the name of his family.? In addition to this quote, I would like to mention that this book also says ?Loyalty to one's family is placed ahead of obedience.? So according to these teaching, what Richard did, just killing his brother, appears to be very dishonorable, and that is aside from everything else that he did. In conclusion to my essay would like to say that there seems to be plenty of facts, in books, that proves my opinion which is, what Richard did was wrong. According to the Elizabethan Laws, All the things that

Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan The WritePass Journal

Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan , the International Olympics Committee (IOC) published a sustainability plan that indicated ways in which sustainability issues like healthy living, climate change, waste management, biodiversity and inclusion could be dealt with. This paper provided an overview analysis of this plan, covering all these sustainability aspects. It later focuses on reviewing the aspect of climate change and efforts that were made to reduce the carbon footprint of the games. Findings from a small opinion survey that was carried out at GSM with ten students as respondents are also presented in this report. Introduction Sustainability is among the factors that are put into consideration when preparing for major sporting events (Kim, 2013). Within the past decade, there has been a growing increase in the level of attention by sports organizing committees on this issue. Before the Olympics and Paralympics Games that were hosted in London in 2012, the international Olympics Committee (IOC) prepared a plan that was to ensure sustainability during and after the games (LOCOG, 2009). With reference to these summer games, this paper intends to provide a brief analysis of the plan drafted by the event organizers, which will incorporate biodiversity, waste management, climate change, healthy living and inclusion. It also intends to provide a further detailed review of the inclusion aspect of sustainability, which shall be backed with evidence from news and academic perspectives. In establishing the effectiveness of sustainability efforts, an opinion survey was carried out with a section of students from GSM L ondon as respondents. Even though most of them were satisfied by the progress made so far, a small section of respondents opined that more needs to be done. Whereas this report highlights the progress that has been made by the IOC’s sustainability efforts, some of the drawbacks are also mentioned. Overview Analysis of the IOC Sustainability Plan Due of the fact that the Olympics attract millions of people, they can be detrimental to different aspects of sustainability if there is no detailed plan of their potential adverse impacts (Pedersen et al., 2011). In an effort to ensure this, the IOC focused on five aspects key aspects and prepared a sustainability plan to address the potential risks that could be posed to them. These are; biodiversity, inclusion, healthy living, waste management and climate change (LOCOG, 2009). This section provides a brief analytical overview of these aspects based on how attainable they are and their potential effectiveness. Waste Wastes during the Olympics and Paralympics are from a wide range of sources, which include construction, and other activities that relate to sporting (Douglas, 2012). In an effort to limit the impacts of wastes during and after the Olympic Games, the IOC had several strategies in plan. Its main objective was to attain zero waste during the games through utilization of exemplary management strategies. These included minimization of wastes at their sources, diversion of wastes from construction sites to other feasible locations, promotion of the reduce-reuse-recycle waste hierarchy and facilitation of individual behavioural changes (IOC, 2012). Another strategy was ensuring that all wastes resulting from the games were not directed to landfills. Whilst all these approaches were ideal, instilling a behavioural change in individuals to make them conscious about how they deal with their wastes can be considered as the most appropriate. This is because of the long-term impact it can have, not only on waste management but on the whole aspect of sustainability (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). On the other hand, the most challenging strategy to attain is the diversion of waste materials from construction sites. This is particularly challenging if the waste is bulky or the distance to where it is to be diverted is long. Climate Change Effects that Olympics and Paralympics could have on climate change were mainly as a result of carbon emissions. With the high numbers of people within and out of the UK and heavy energy consumption, the carbon footprint was bound to be enormous (Gold Gold, 2013). Therefore, the IOC was to establish and implement long term solutions to this issue. Some of the key areas that were to be addressed included the management of water and energy resources, infrastructural development, transportation and carbon offsetting strategies. To minimize the carbon footprint, the strategies that were used included optimization energy demand and efficiency and encouraging the use of renewable energy sources that had lower levels of carbon emission. With the increased global concerns of climate change that are caused by greenhouse emissions, these strategies received support from many stakeholders (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Even with the optimism, reduction of the carbon footp rint during the games was affected by the high population of that attended the games and limited amount of available renewable energy. Biodiversity The existent biodiversity in London and other venues that hosted the 2012 Olympics had to be maintained and even further enhanced. For conservation of diversity, the IOC saw it necessary to use the Olympics as an avenue for increasing the public’s awareness about conservation and the role that natural environments play maintaining and promoting biodiversity (LOCOG, 2009). To attain this, the IOC pledged its commitment towards ensuring that natural resources in the Lower Lea Valley, London and across all other venues in the UK were effectively managed. The potential of success for this strategy is high. However, it was largely dependent on the availability of resources to facilitate management and promotion of public awareness (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Inclusion The IOC’s objective was to make the London Olympics and Paralympics the most inclusive since the start of the Olympics (IOC, 2012). Therefore, the games were expected to bring together people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. The games were also expected to facilitate regeneration on economic, physical and social aspects of the lower lea valley and its surroundings. By celebrating the diversity that exists in the UK and global population, the London Olympics and Paralympics encouraged participation from everyone with an aim of promoting social cohesion, fair play and respect (Karamichas, 2013). One of the strategies that were used to ensure inclusion was encouragement of communities across the UK to take advantage of opportunities that were presented by the games. These included trade, employment and new infrastructural facilities. Healthy Living Promotion of healthy lifestyles was also among the aspects that were addressed during the 2012 summer games (Wheeler, 2013). These games were to be used in inspiring people in London and across the United Kingdom to take up sporting activities to keep them active. Healthy and sustainable lifestyles should be attained by refraining from overexploiting natural resources. According to LOCOG (2009), there are many health benefits that can be attained through people’s own efforts. These include engagement in physical activities and maintaining a healthy living environment. This message was to benefit people from the UK as well as tourists who came as spectators. Review of the delivery of the Climate Change aspect of Sustainability There have been several mixed views about the success levels that were attained in the last Olympics to reduce the potential amount of carbon emission during the Olympics and Paralympics. As discussed earlier, a high percentage of greenhouse emissions originate from transportation and energy uses. Therefore, it is vital for the responsible bodies to consider addressing the aspects of energy and transport to realize a reasonable reduction of the overall emission (Siikamki et al., 2012). Chaabane et al. (2012) suggests that greenhouse gas emission can be managed by reducing motor transport. This can be achieved through avoiding unnecessary trips, using public transportation or alternative transportation methods that require less energy. There are direct and indirect consequences of this measure. The direct impact will be reduction of the total energy used in transportation, which directly reduces the volume of greenhouse gases emitted (Melanta et al., 2012). One of the indirect impacts is the reduction of congestion and traffic jams, which economizes the amount of fuel used by vehicles on the road and ultimately, the amount of carbon emissions (Droege, 2011). The use of sustainable energy sources is also suggested as an ideal approach towards reducing the carbon footprint (Droege, 2011). Some of the available sources of alternative sustainable energy include wind energy, solar power and geothermal power, among others. Given that the amount of energy produced from sustainable sources is limited, the public should be sensitized about the efficient use of energy in their workplaces and in their homes (Droege, 2011). One of the simple approaches that can be used is the purchase and use of energy efficient vehicles and electrical appliances. However, Saunders argues that a rebound can be experienced as an impact of attaining high energy efficiency levels. With reference to the neoclassical theory, Saunders argues that increased energy efficiency leads to a drop in its prices. As a result, it may be used to run machines as a substitute to human labour. This creates an increase in the greenhouse gas emission from fuel usage. He also argues that an increase in energy efficiency results in an increase in economic growth, which results into an increase in energy use (Saunders, 2013). Regardless of the neoclassical theory presented by Saunders, the current climatic situations present the need for increasing energy efficiencies (Droege, 2011). With reference to the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, it was established that the carbon dioxide released in the course of the games was 28% less than the projected amount. According to the London Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), the initial projection of carbon dioxide emission reductions was at 6,000 Mt but the attained reductions were at 31,000 Mt (Environmental Leader, 2012). The success in this reduction was attributed to a concept referred to as â€Å"the four R’s (reduce, re-route, re-time and re-mode)† by Transport for London (TfL). This approach is similar as to those suggested in literature. It involved reducing the need to travel by taking leaves working at home, planning to travel before or after peak times, taking an alternative route and using different transportatio n means (LOCOG, 2009). The alternative transport modes that were used on the widest scale included walking and cycling. Even though LOCOG (2009) is credited for provision of this information, it is worthy pointing out that most of the reports about sustainability during the Olympics were positive, even though several observers identified shortcomings in these efforts. Even though the carbon footprint from transport was less than the projected levels, the carbon emission from spectators was estimated to be 913,000 Mt, which exceeded the expected emissions by approximately 36% (Environmental Leader, 2012). This difference between the estimates and the actual emissions was argued to have been caused by the high number of spectators, athletes and the Olympics and Paralympics workforces. There were a total of 11 million spectators, thousands of athletes and more than 200,000 people in the workforce. Even with the higher amount of emission from spectators, the overall amount of emissions was at 3.3 million Mt, which was much lower that the estimate of 3.4 million Mt that was made in 2009 (LOCOG, 2009). Even after the Olympics and Paralympics, these strategies for reducing the CO2 are still being used in the UK. In addition to the climate change aspect of other aspects like waste management, biodiversity and inclusion also attained reasonable levels of s uccess. Opinion Survey Methodology used To get a further understanding of the effectiveness of strategies that were formulated in the IOC sustainability plan, a small opinion survey was carried out. The main objective was to obtain their views on how effectively the emission of greenhouse gases was managed. A semi-structured interview approach was utilized to allow the respondents to freely give their opinions about the subject of the opinion survey (Yin, 2010). Ten students from the Greenwich School of Management were selected as respondents the selection was random and was based on their willingness to participate in the opinion survey. During the survey, two main questions were asked to the respondents. The first was their opinions on the achievements made in efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The seconds was their opinions on what could be done to attain better results. The answers that were given by respondents were recorded on paper and stored for analysis. One major limitation that was experienced was the lack of i nterest by some of the students who were approached to participate in the survey. There were also cases where students were willing to participate, but lacked the background information about the subject of the survey. Findings Out of the ten the students who were interviewed during the survey, six were satisfied with the carbon management efforts while three were unsure about whether the strategies were effective. However, one was sceptical about the management of carbon emissions. For instance, one of the respondents argued â€Å"During the games, I was impressed by how transport was managed. Though I expected many challenges because of the millions of people who attended, I can’t remember seeing any big traffic jam or related issues.† This signifies how effective the transportation plans were during the games. As aforementioned, reduction of traffic jams and congestion contributes towards energy efficiency. Another respondent based his argument on the reviews he had read on different news periodicals he argued â€Å"after the Olympics, many news outlets have indicated their satisfaction about the reduction of carbon emission by the efficient use of energy. Infact, there was an article that indicated that the footprint was much less than what was anticipated.† The scepticism of one of the respondents was based on his opinion that there was no appropriate way of accurately estimating the volume or weight of carbon emissions from the Olympics (Droege, 2011). He said â€Å"I don’t believe there’s an appropriate method to measure the exact amount of carbon emissions. The stuff we hear in the news is based on estimates. They might have reported a smaller value of emissions just to portray a good image of the UK or the IOC to the world.† Even Though one respondent was sceptic about the achievements of the IOC, TfL and LOCOG, the fact that most of the respondents were positive about the efforts made to achieve a low carbon footprint during the Summer Olympics indicates the strategies in the sustainability plan published by the IOC were ideal (Environmental Leader, 2012). Some of the recommendations that were made by the respondents to further reduc e the carbon footprint in future games included increment of fuel prices to discourage travel by personal cars and increasing the energy production from sustainable energy sources. Conclusion As presented in this paper, sustainability has been among the key aspects for consideration in major sporting events within the last decade. In this regard, the organizers of the 2012 summer Olympics and Paralympics prepared a detailed plan on how to address several suitability issues that could have arisen in the games. These include healthy living, waste management, inclusion, biodiversity and climate change. This paper focused more on the how effectively the aspect of climate changes was managed. The main area of focus was the approaches that were uses to ensure energy efficiency and reduce the carbon overall carbon footprint of the games. The effectiveness of these measures were reflected in the fact that there CO2 greenhouse gas emissions caused by energy use was less than the projected amount by 28%. A small opinion survey also was carried out with help of students from the Greenwich School of Management. From its findings, there was a further indication that the sustainability plan or ensuring a smaller amount of carbon gas emissions was ideal. One major drawback was that there was a higher amount of carbon dioxide emission from spectators that was anticipated. However, this was attributed to the high population of spectators, officials and sportsmen who were approximately 11 million in total. In order to further reduce the carbon footprint during major games in future, organizing committees have to carry out an extensive review of the strengths and drawbacks of the strategies applied in London in 2012. This will help them modify the sustainability model and make it better. In future research, a more in-depth survey that involves more respondents drawn from across the UK should be carried out. All the other elements of sustainability should also be addressed. References Chaabane, A., Ramudhin, A. Paquet, M., 2012. Design of sustainable supply chains under the emission trading scheme. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), pp.37-49. Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007. On Track for a Sustainable Legacy: Review of Governance Arrangements for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Programme. London: Governance Review Commission for a Sustainable London. Douglas, L., 2012. Zero-waste olympic games. Engineering Technology, 6(12), pp.46-47. Droege, P., 2011. Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power. Oxford: Elsevier. Environmental Leader, 2012. London Olympics Generated 28% Less CO2e Than Forecast. [Online] Available at: environmentalleader.com/2012/12/12/london-olympics-generated-28-less-co2e-than-forecast/   [Accessed 5 December 2013]. Gold, J.R. Gold, M.M., 2013. Bring It under the Legacy Umbrella†: Olympic Host Cities and the Changing Fortunes of the Sustainability Agenda. Sustainability, 5(8), pp.3526-42. IOC, 2012. Sustainability through Sport. London: IOC. Karamichas, J., 2013. London 2012 and Environmental Sustainability: A Study Through the Lens of Environmental Sociology. Sociological Research Online, 18(3), p.17. Kim, H.D., 2013. The 2012 London Olympics: Commercial Partners, Environmental Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility and Outlining the Implications. The International Journal of the History of Sport, pp.1-12. LOCOG, 2009. London 2012 Sustainability Plan. London: LOCOG. Melanta, S., Miller-Hooks, E. Avetisyan, H.G., 2012. Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Transportation Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(5), pp.547-55. Pedersen, P.M., Parks, ‎J. Quarterman, J‎., 2011. Contemporary Sport Management. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Saunders, H.D., 2013. Historical evidence for energy efficiency rebound in 30 US sectors and a toolkit for rebound analysts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 3(24), pp.34-58. Siikamki, J., Sanchirico, J.N. Jardine, S.L., 2012. Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(36), pp.14369-74. Wheeler, S.M., 2013. Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable and Ecological Communities. New York: Routledge. Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford Press. //

The Company Law for Accounts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Company Law for Accounts - Essay Example In case a promoter makes a profit secretly, the company may commence a legal action for rescission or recovery of the profits made secretly. This promoter is assumed to have executed without utmost good faith. This means that disclosure of their activities is the most important issue and they must work within the objectives of the promoters and must use their skills knowledge for the best of the firm (Siddharthacadey, 2010).A promoter is any person involved in the planning to incorporate or initiate a running of a company, other than persons involved in a purely professional capacity. A promoter need not necessarily be the main person behind the incorporation, but he must have some executive function. The stereotype of a company and sells his business to it is a promoter. A promoter has a fiduciary duty to the company he is forming and this requires him to disclose all profits he makes during the promotion of the company...The courts have established the principle that a promoter stands in a fiduciary relationship with the company, which he is forming. This does not mean that he is barred from making a profit out of the promotion. It means that any profit made must be disclosed to the company. Breach of promoters’ duty If a promoter makes a profit and fails to disclose he breaches his duty of fiduciary. In the event of non- disclosure of profits the company may commence proceedings for rescission or for recovery of the undisclosed profits. The case study The case at hand is that Candy received a gift that he did not disclose to the other promoters. Therefore, he should be compelled to rescind the property to the company. The law prohibits individuals from unjustly enriching themselves at the expense of other partners. The other party should be compensated adequately to act as consideration. However, it should be noted that not all instances that parties are required to make compensated. In the case of unformed company the promoter is required to disclose rather compensate. In contract law, the pre-incorporation contracts are not enforceable, but the benefit accruing from it is disclosable. Being the fiduciary person Candy had certain legal obligations to fulfil towards the beneficiary. However, the very moment the Candy has taken a wrong approach of lying company, the bond of fiduciary relationship has been violated. This was confirmed in the case of Gluckstein v Barnes [1900]. In the case promoters had made profits before incorporation but they failed to disclose this fact. In their case, they misrepresented facts in prospectus that they were to buy a property at certain amount which they were unable to raise.

The Linguistic Acquisition Device Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Linguistic Acquisition Device - Essay Example He was able to give an evident account of the case of Victor of Aveyron who showed severe difficulty in developing language skills after years of isolation in the woods where he only interacted with animals. Subsequent observed improvement in language acquisition by Victor of Aveyron and a similar case of Genie in the United States seemed to provide reliable backup towards the theories of Chomsky. In the two cases of feral children, isolation from human interaction at childhood was attributed to the slow rate of language acquisition. The film Secret of the wild child is a reflection of how one United States girl commonly known as Genie was discovered in 1970 after suffering from physical abuse over a decade of isolation. The ensuing efforts to make her learn language proved difficult to achieve and this led to the advance element of Critical Period Hypothesis. In this theory, it is emphasized that there is a period mostly from infancy to adolescence when a human being has the highest potential of gaining native language competency. Outside this time limit, a child will experience severe difficulty in learning a language. The case of Genie who was discovered having been isolated for more than the critical age was an evidence of this research finding. This theory further asserts why adults find it difficult to learn the language than children as they have exceeded the critical period. After 13 years of isolation and deprivation, the mother of Genie left her abusive husband.Her mother, grandmother and herself had gone into the Social Welfare office in Temple City, California, to learn about resources for the blind in November 1970. It is at this point that a social worker grew curious over the possibly abnormal posture of the young girl who also looked younger than her actual age. The social worker’s initial thought of autism of the girl compelled her to enquire and subsequently.

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay As part of my GCSE coursework, I have read two novels written by Charles Dickens. The first novel is Oliver Twist, from, whwhich I will look at a villain called Bill Sikes who is a thief, a housebreaker, a murderer and one of Ddickens most menacing characters. I will look at how Dickens characterises him as a villain. s makes him a villain. The second book I read was Great Expectations, infrom which I will look at another villain called Magwitch who bullies a young boy named Pip into helping him q. escaping from prison. I will also look at how Dickens characterises himmakes him as a villain.. I will then compare Bboth characters will then be compared and contrasted in my study. . The first person I will look at is Bill Sikes who is a murderer, a thief, a housebreaker, a bully and is part of Fagans gang. Before we meet Sikes, Dickens dDescribes his environment. Firstly it is described as an obscure parlour of a low public house, a dark and gloomy den, in the filthiest part of Little Saffron Hill and where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer. Adjectives such as obscure, low, dark gloomy and filthiest are all negative and suggest to me a very unpleasant and rough environment. The place being described as where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer, suggests to me further of the places depravity and that the public house is set in a back ally. The room Sikes is situated in is called a Den, A den is a place where animals usually live, so it suggests to me that this is an inhuman place, not suitable for a persons habitation. Over all I can say that the atmosphere is excessively bleak and miserable, the setting is used to reflect character and to create atmosphere suggestingand Sikes is in part, athe product of his own environment. Sikes is said to have been brooding, this suggests that Sikes had been in deep thought, scheming and plotting evil things. Sikes is described as strongly impregnated with the smell of liquor, this suggests to me that he we was highly intoxicated and the result, would mean that he would be grumpy, and irrational. He wares a velvet coat, drab shorts, half-boots and stockings. As you can see his clothing is very drabmonotonous and this suggests to the reader the obscure and sinister nature of Sikes and the world he inhabits. ity Sikes of which Sikes can possess. Sikes is described as even by that dim light, no inexperienced agent of police would have hesitated for one instant as Mr. William Sikes. This suggests to the reader that Sikes is well known by the police and is obviously a common criminal. Sikes dog is described as being red-eyed. This is symbolic of depression and anger and many other negative emotions, so it is apparent that the dog is symbolic to the negativity in Sikes environment and is also a product of bad environment may be symbolic that the dog is symbolic of the harsh environment. The dog sits at his mastersmasters feet, this shows the relationship between the dog and his master as being close and intermit and proves Sikes ownership of the animal. Later the unoffending dog is attacked and by Sikes, this shows that Sikes is very volatile, unpredictable, unstable and dangerous because he attacks his dog for no cause and acts very spontaneously with his aggressiveness. After the attacking, the dog avenges his attack it, by attacking Sikes half-boots. This shows that the dog has a bad temper and has a lot in common with his master. This eventually leads to a fight and Sikes attempted murder of the dog. This shows how malevolentsatanic Sikes can be. Sikes is a very aggressive man in his language, he blasphemes and curses, thrusts and swears This type of language is rather unpleasant, shows negative emotions to a reader. This sort of dictionspeech gives a sense of violence to the reader. When Sikes speaks to his dog he says Keep quiet, you warmint! Keep quiet! Here he commands and insults, so it shows that he is violent when he talks. We know this because Dickens has used exclamation marks to show that he was talking in anger. This can also be seen when he talks to Fagan for example you white-livered thief! This shows the anger in the voice with the use of insults and exclamatoryion phrases. marks. Sikes also seeksspeaks to Fagian with a fierce gesturegesture; this adds to Sikes sinister character because it suggests that again Sikes is angry and violent with his oral expression. Sikes often growled, had a fierce sneer and speaks savage like. This further makes him look obnoxious and unhappy. These details present him as brutal, animalistic and primitive. Sikes speaks with the harshest key of a very harsh voice. This suggests that he is very unpleasant when he usually speaks. Therefore I would say that the way in which Sikes speaks shows that cruelty and ill-intent of his character. Thus from this extract we are given the impression that Sikes is incredibly evil, menacing, he is unhappy, intimidating, ferocious and volatile. This impression is reinforced later in the novel in which we look at Sikes killing his prostitute lover Nancy and the events leading up to it. It begins with Noah, repeating what he told Fagin to Sikes. Fagin cries, and says Tell him that, tell him that.

Enlightenment: The Light Bulb Of The 1700s :: essays research papers

Enlightenment: The Light Bulb of the 1700's Throughout history many people have changed society with their ideas and actions. Two philosophers whose ideas and actions changed society are Voltaire and John Lock. Martin Luther and Galileo also changed society. John Lock and Voltaire both fought for basic human rights. Voltaire fought for basic religious freedom. He claimed that if god created the Catholic religion and god loves all people, then why does the Catholic religion have the right to torment other religions. As a result of this, Voltaire was exiled. John Lock also fought for human rights. He thought that government should protect the people. John Locke and Voltaire both spoke against a major power. Voltaire spoke against the church while Locke spoke against the government. Thus, change began occurring in both the church and government. John Locke and Voltaire changed society, because now people were beginning to challenge authority. John Locke influenced Thomas Jefferson because Thomas Jefferson believed in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther and Galileo both disagreed with certain things that the church believed in. Martin Luther said that the only way to atone for your sins were through prayer and contrition. In his 95 Thesis he established that salvation is within oneself and that individual faith in God is very important . But the church did not see it that way. The church believed that the only way to atone for your sins were through indulgences. Indulgences were paying for the removal of your sins. Martin Luther was later excommunicated from the church. Galileo also disagreed with certain things that the church believed in. Galileo proved Aristotle's theory wrong about gravity. One night during dinner, Galileo picked up two pieces of fruit of unequal size. He then dropped them and established that they dropped at the same rate. The church had believed Aristotle's theory. Aristotle said that the two pieces of fruit of unequal size would drop at different rates. Although his theory might have been correct, he

Kmart and Sears Merger Essay

Kmart had been established in 1962 by its parent company S. S. Kresge as a discount department store offering the most variety of goods at the lowest prices. Un- like Sears, the company chose not to locate in large shopping malls but to establish its discount stores in highly visible corner locations. During the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s, Kmart prospered. Retail formats in operation Kmart – is a chain of discount stores that are usually free standing or located in a strip malls. Big Kmart – signals a different kind of Kmart. These stores are bigger, brighter and offer big savings, big value, big selection and big convenience. Big Kmart stores are designed to increase store sales by increasing the frequency of customer visits. The format focuses on three distinct businesses – home fashions, children’s apparel and consumables – and features an expanded food area known as the â€Å"Pantry†. Kmart Super Center – is a chain of hypermarkets that carry everything a regular Kmart carries, but also have a full grocery section with meat and poultry, baked goods, a delicatessen, garden produce, and fresh seafood. Most Kmart Super Centers operate 24-hours a day and offer special services. In 1999 Kmart began offering a dial-up internet service called BlueLight, which was eventually spun off as an independent company. BlueLight was initially free and supported by banner ads. BlueLight dropped the free service in February 2001 and was reacquired by Kmart in July 2001. In 2002 United Online, which also owns NetZero and Juno, bought the BlueLight service after Kmart filed for bankruptcy. In August 2006, Bluelight dropped the banners. As of August 2006, the service costs $14. 95 a month and has around 165,000 subscribers. Promotional Pricing model Promotional pricing had always been the forte at Kmart. Offering a lower price temporarily in order to enhance the effectiveness of product sales efforts to cost sensitive consumer. In 1990, Wal-Mart overtook Kmart in sales, they tried to wean the company away from this strategy. Kmart cut process on 38,000 items and promoted the with expensive television commercials, which failed to lure younger shoppers. Then Wal-Mart countered by using its greater efficiency and economies of scale to fight back on pricing. The outcome was 1% drop in Kmart’s sales in December and 8% increase in those of Wal-Mart. Financial Analysis Prior to 2001, company was making continues losses, in order to understand scenario; we first analyze the period from 1995 to 1998. Here, Kmart started making some profit. And the second part from the year 1998 to 2002, where they actually went bankrupts. In 1995, the firm suffered a huge loss of $571 million. This was because of the non-performance of 127 international stores. It was in the same year that COGS as a percentage of sales were too high as 78%. Operating expenses as a percentage was in proportion to that of the industry. However due to the low performance of the international stores, stores outside t United States, Kmart had a bad financial year in 1995. It was the same year that the management decided to do away with the non preforming stores and thereby closed all its international stores and started four new stores in the home market. The list of stores by Kmart during the period can be seen as under: In 1999, COGS was 78% of sales as compared to 72 % of sales in the year 1998. Also, COGS increased drastically compared to increase in sales. Sales in 1999 increased by 6. 26%, however COGS increased by 12. 23%. Thus, there was a major decrease in the grow profit from 27% of sales to 21% of sales. This was the beginning of the downfall of Kmart. From here on, COGS kept on increasing. In 2002 COG reached 85%, thus gross margin reduced from 21% in 1999 to 14% in 2002. During the same time, Kmart’s operational efficiency too decreased and it increased from 18% in the year 1999 to 21% in 2002. Thus, increase in the COGS, lowering of the gross margin and increase in the operational costs, all contributes to the fall of Kmart. Competitors within the industry Its primary competitors were Wal-Mart, Sears, Target, Kohl’s, and J.  C. Penney, with secondary competitors in certain categories. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart followed the lower cost competitive strategy of cost leadership. According to our textbook cost leadership aims at the broad mass market and requires efficient scale facilities, cost reductions, cost and overhead control; avoids marginal customers, cost minimization in R&D, service, sales force and advertising. Therefore Wal-Mart could get following benefits: this strategy provided defense against competitors, provides a barrier to entry for new competitors and generate increased market share. Wal-Mart managed to maintain â€Å"everyday low prices† and achieve highest sales in the industry. It should be noted that Wal-Mart’s 2005 revenues exceeded that of the next ? ve U. S. retailers combined: these are Home Depot, Kroger, Sears Holding Company (which includes Sears and Kmart), Costco, and Target. Wal-Mart’s technological edge is in its logistics, distribution, and inventory control helped it reduce cost and offer customers product cheaper than its competitors. Moreover it could benefit from economies of scale. Wal-Mart also used differentiation focus strategy by creating a product and service unique to customers, according to ReferenceForBusiness. com. It could be argued that this feature is not real and just in the mind of the customer; customers believed they were being offered something special. Wal-Mart achieved this strategy by offering unique warranties and brand images. Wal-Mart customers believed they were being provided with something that they cannot find at any of the store’s competitors. Wall-mart’s value chain worked in following way: Vendors, Wal-Mart’s suppliers delivered products to Wal-Mart’s distribution center or directly to one of the stores. Wal-Mart was able to bargain for the lowest possible price because of the high volume of sales. Therefore, Wal-Mart could pass this savings to its customers. After that once the products were delivered to the distribution center, they were sorted and placed on trucks to be delivered to stores. This allows for less than 48 hour deliveries to stores and increased efficiency on trucks with backhauls. After products were delivered to the stores, they were placed on the appropriate shelf location for customers to view. Store locations were located throughout the U. S. in rural and urban towns. Moreover customers could purchase products at very low prices and have the ability to return any item. These were the key elements of Wal-Mart value chain. Overall Wal-Mart’s competitive advantage over its competitors was efficient supply chain management and lower prices achieved through maintaining low costs. Sears Sears, with the second-highest annual sales, had a strong position in hard goods, such as home appliances and tools. Around 40% of all major home appliance sales continued to be controlled by Sears. Nevertheless, Sears was struggling with slumping sales as customers turned from Sears mall stores to stand-alone, big-box retailers, such as Lowe’s and Home Depot, to buy their hard goods. Sears main competitive disadvantage was its store locations. Sears has been too slow to expand away from mall locations, industry analysts said. As Sears Chairman Alan Lacy said: â€Å"Our service and products are as good as our competitors but they’re not where our customers are. † Target Target was third in sales but second in profits, behind Wal-Mart. It used differentiation strategy and tried to offer customers quality products and had distinguished itself as a merchandiser of stylish upscale products. Targets mission statement focused on great guest service, clean stores and speedy checkouts. Along with Wal-Mart, Target had flourished to such an extent that Dayton-Hudson, its parent company, had changed its corporate name to Target. Its main focus was statically higher income consumers and early internet adopters. Target’s main competitive advantage was good customer service and quality product. This is where it creates value for its customers. Kohl’s, and J. C. Penney Both Kohl’s and J. C. Penney emphasized on soft goods, such as clothing and related items. They both chose differentiation strategy. Kohl’s concentrated on selling both private and exclusive brands which were â€Å"only at Kohl’s† as well as national brands like Nike, Adidas, Lee, Levi’s, Jockey, Van Heusen. Private and exclusive brands contributed a lot more to the gross margin as Kohl’s has significant control over the production, manufacturing and marketing expense of these brands. Keeping this in mind, Kohl’s has shifted its merchandise gradually towards this section of merchandise. In 2004, Kohl’s carried 25% in Private and Exclusive Brands, and this figure rose to 50% in 2011. Moreover it tried to provide â€Å"convenience† promise to customers – an easy and satisfying shopping experience. Kohl’s organized departments by lifestyle, added signage and graphics depicting key trends, and presented merchandise to suggest how customers can create new looks. They also continued to improve inventory management to deliver more new product more often, to differentiate line mixes according to geographic preferences, and to assure a â€Å"shelf never empty† of products the consumer desires. J. C Penney targeted moderate income customs, mainly women who as company executive said that were with, â€Å"too little time, too little money, and two little kids. † Kmart versus Competitors Kmart’s main problem was that it did not have clearly defined competitive strategy. In 2001, Kmart proclaimed a new retailing strategy that included less advertising, fewer advertised specials, and lower daily prices on many items. In short, Kmart tried to challenge Wal-Mart as the everyday low-price leader. Wal-Mart responded to the Kmart challenge with still lower prices. These new initiatives further weakened the ? nancial position of Kmart Corporation. The Kmart assault on the Wal-Mart image as the low-price leader failed, and Kmart was left with huge volumes of unsold merchandise (Turner 2003, 71–72). Kmart forgot to take into consideration that its capacity to lower prices was limited because of its poor supply chain management, often popular products would be out of stock, in some cases stored in trailors outside of the stores. Kmart was not successful in using differentiation competitive strategy either. While Wal-Mart reigned supreme as the low cost leader, Target was perceived as being a â€Å"higher quality† retailer. There was basically nothing left for Kmart. In attempt to pursue differentiation strategy Kmart updated and enlarged the stores, added name brands, however this was not successful either, acquisitions all performed poorly posting minimal net income or losses and distracted management from core business. Kmart’s main competitive disadvantages were problems in value proposition, poor supply chain/inventory management and poor customer service. It needed to choose competitive strategy suitable for it and concentrate on it.

Tattoos a Permanent Mark on Pop Culture Essay - 6526 Words

The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian tatu which means to mark something. It is arguably claimed that tattooing has existed since 12,000 years BC. The purpose of tattooing has varied from culture to culture and its place on the time line. But there are similarities that prevail form the earliest known tattoos to those being performed on people around the world today. Tattoos have always had an important role in ritual and tradition. In Borneo, women tattooed symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill. If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. Tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness.†¦show more content†¦1 The tattooed in the western world today include many people from various walks of life including doctors, skateboarders, artists and teachers, punks and bus drivers, lawyers,bikers, convicts, mothers, fathers, grandparents, gang members, professors, students, street performers and even dentists. Tattoos today seem to cross all boundaries, cultural, political and socio-economic. The act of tattooing, one of but many forms of intentional body modification, has been enveloped by the mainstream into the popular culture of the new millennium. Tattoos have become contemporary symbols of western identity and individualism. 1Atkinson, Michael. Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. As elements of mainstream, consumer culture, tattoos today have essentially become fashionable art. Those that tattoo are ‘tattoo artists; those that get tattooed bear ‘skin art. This has not always been the case. The introduction of tattoos into popular culture has been a very recent phenomenon. Tattoos were once the exclusive domain of sailors, bikers, convicts and punks, and were considered, through the eyes of the mainstream, a deviant behaviour, a low culture. In fact, tattoos for most of the twentieth century in North America existed solely at the sub- cultural level WhenShow MoreRelatedTattoos Of Ancient Egyptian Women Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesOne in every five Americans have a tattoo. It is no longer surprising to see people with markings on their bodies. Many believed it is a form of self-expression. Even though some cultures or religions view tattoos as a negative thing, that does not stop people from getting them. To have a better understanding about tattoos we must go back and trace how it all began. From the tools, they used to the ink, it is incredible how tattooing has evolved over the years. Tattoos have been